Apparatus to enhance fiber development by addition of treatment agent during mechanical pulping

ABSTRACT

A mechanical pulping apparatus including: a pre-treatment defibration device receiving comminuted cellulosic material; a primary refiner receiving the comminuted cellulosic material discharged from the pre-treatment defibration device; a source of a biological agent; a first conduit from the source of the biological agent coupled to pre-treatment defibration device, wherein the first conduit delivers the biological agent to or immediately upstream of an inlet to the defibration device; a source of a chemical agent, and a second conduit from the source of the chemical agent coupled to primary refiner, wherein the second conduit delivers the chemical agent to the primary refiner.

CROSS RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 12/257,666filed Oct. 24, 2008 and claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/013,891 filed Dec. 14, 2007, the entirety of whichboth applications are incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to separating fibers from lignocellulosicmaterials, such as the separating fibers from wood chip feed material.The invention particularly relates to mechanical refining, includingchemi-mechanical pulping (CMP) and thermomechanical pulping (TMP).

In some conventional mechanical refining processes, the steps ofdefibration and fibrillation are performed together in a singlemechanism. The benefits of separating the steps of wood fiberdefibration and fiber fibrillation are discussed in, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,300,541 ('541 patent), which is based on publishedinternational patent application PCT/US03/22057. When fibers aredefibrated prior to fibrillation, the primary refining step may beoptimized for fibrillation. The optimization for fibrillation may be tominimize energy dissipation by increasing refining intensity. A methodto separate the defibration and fibrillation steps is described in the'541 patent a using a pressurized chip press followed by gentle refiningto separate fibers in a pretreatment stage (referred to as a“defibration step”) and thereafter by high intensity pressurized primaryrefining stage (the “fibrillation step”).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Specific treatment agents have been developed to be applied todefibrated wood fibers to enhance the efficiency and quality developmentof mechanical refining process. The treatments may include acidic,neutral or alkaline chemical agents, and enzymatic agents. The type ofagent(s) and the point(s) in the refining process of application of theagent to the defibrated wood fibers may be optimized to enhance processefficiency. Process efficiency may be defined by any one or more ofphysical pulp quality, enhanced brightness, and energy savings. Thetreatments with agents disclosed herein may also provide: 1) an abilityto utilize in a refining process inferior wood species and sawmillresidues, and 2) simplification of the refining process downstream ofthe primary refining stage.

The treatments with agents disclosed herein may be applied to targetspecific application points of agents during the thermal and mechanicalrefining process, such as described in the '541 patent. Depending on theagent used in the treatment, the application point of the agent may beduring or immediately following one or more of a defibration step(preferably using enzymatic agents), during a fibrillation step(preferably using chemical agents) and/or immediately following afibrillation step (preferably using bleaching agents). The selectedagent is an important factor in determining the optimum point to applythe agent to the refining process to, for example, improve processefficiency.

The processes and treatments disclosed herein preferably are preformedsuch that defibration and fibrillation are separate stages, andpreferentially preformed in separate mechanisms. Alternatively, theseparation of the defibration and fibrillation steps may be preformed ina single mechanism, such in a mechanical refiner having two or morerefining zones arranged in series. Preferably, the defibration stepachieves at least a 30 percent (30%) conversion of intact wood fibers towell separated fibers, and preferably greater than 70 percent (70%)conversion with less than 5% fibrillation. From the pre-treatment(defibration) step, the defibration level preferably results in 40percent to 90 percent (40% to 90%) of separated fibers in the material.The primary refiner step (fibrillation) should preferably achieve atleast 90 percent (90%) of fibrillated fibers.

The processes and treatments disclosed herein may be applied tolignocellulosic materials including wood chips from softwoods andhardwoods, other types of lignocellulosic material, including materialthat is currently viewed as less desirable for use in the existingmills.

A mechanical pulping method has been invented that in one embodimentincludes: defibrating a comminuted cellulosic material; mechanicallyrefining the defibrated cellulosic material in a primary refining step;introducing to the cellulosic material at least one of a chemical agentand a biological during the defibration step or the mechanical refiningstep, and producing pulp from the refined and defibrated cellulosicmaterial.

The mechanical pulping method may include introducing the chemical agentto the cellulosic material when in the primary refining step and thebiological agent to the cellulosic material when in the pre-treatmentstep. Further, the defibration step may include a pressurized chip pressstage and subsequently a fiberizer refiner stage. And, the introductionof the biological agent may be in the pre-treatment step andspecifically between pressurized chip press stage and the fiberizerrefiner stage or directly into the fiberizer refiner stage.

A mechanical pulping apparatus has been invented that in one embodimentcomprises: a pre-treatment defibration device receiving comminutedcellulosic material; a primary refiner receiving the comminutedcellulosic material discharged from the pre-treatment defibrationdevice; a source of at least one of a biological agent and a chemicalagent, and a conduit from the source coupled to at least one of thedefibration device and the primary refiner, wherein the conduit deliversthe at least one of the biological agent and the chemical agent to atleast one of the defibration device and the primary refiner.

In another embodiment, a mechanical pulping apparatus comprising: apre-treatment defibration device receiving comminuted cellulosicmaterial; a primary refiner receiving the comminuted cellulosic materialdischarged from the pre-treatment defibration device; a source of abiological agent and a chemical agent, and a inlet to the pre-treatmentdefibration device for a biological agent; a primary refiner receivingthe comminuted cellulosic material discharged from the pre-treatmentdefibration device, and an inlet to the primary refiner for a chemicalagent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a section of a wood chip.

FIGS. 2 to 7 are flow charts of mechanical refining processes usingagents, such as chemical and biological agents, to treat lignocellulosicmaterials undergoing mechanical, chemi-mechanical and thermo-mechanicalrefining

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Refining, in the context of the present application, generally includesa pre-treatment stage (defibration) and a primary refining stage(fibrillation). The pre-treatment stage (defibration) fiberizes the woodchip feed material under mechanically gentle and low intensityconditions, e.g., pressurization, to initiate the separation ofindividual fibers from the matrix of fibers in a wood chip. The primaryrefining stage generally involves high mechanical intensity forces,e.g., shearing and impact pulses, that fibrillate the wood chip materialinto pulp. During fibrillation, the fibers are peeled and fiber wallmaterial is unraveled. The refiners used to fibrillate may be mechanicalconical or disc refiners with refining plates having single or multiplerefining zones.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wood chip 10 having softwood fibers 12 bondedtogether in a wood chip. The bonding material is primarily found in themiddle lamellae 14 between the fibers 12 that contains a highconcentration of lignin. The structure of each fiber 12 includes variouslayers identified as P, and the S layers which include three individuallayers labeled S1, S2 and S3. The P layer represents the primary wall ofeach cell of a fiber. The S layers represent the secondary wall of thefiber cell, wherein the S1 layer is an outer layer of the secondarywall, the S2 layer is a main body of the secondary wall of the fiber,and the S3 layer is an inner layer of the secondary wall.

During fibrillation, the fibril rich layer S2 is delaminated, e.g.,peeled off, as much as is practical from each fiber. The S2 layercontains the largest mass of fibrils in the fiber structure. The surfacearea of bonding material is improved by peeling or by delaminating theS2 layer. An increase in the surface area correlates positively toincreases in desirable pulp properties such as tensile strength andscattering coefficient. Fibrillation in the pretreatment stage exposesthe fibrous areas of the fiber for subsequent fibrillation in theprimary refining stage.

The addition of an agent at one or more stages in the refining processwhere the material is fiberized or defibrated is believe to causereactions that open the wood fiber matrix and expose fibrous wallmaterial for efficient softening and maximum fiber fibrillation, e.g.,delamination of fibrous wall material. All fiber layers (P, S1, S2 andS3) of the lignocellulosic material 10 receive treatment by the agent.The reaction between the agent and the S2 layer enhances fibrillation ofthe S2 layer.

The agent may be chemicals (acidic, neutral, alkaline), enzymes, fungus,bacteria, or the like and any combination thereof. The agent may beapplied at various locations in the refining mechanism(s) and at variousstages of the refining process.

The agent, in one embodiment, is preferably a chemical based agent thatis introduced during a primary refining step (fibrillation step) tominimize reaction time between the agent and wood material. Introducingthe agent in this manner should lead to preferential softening andreaction of the fiber wall material more so than of the lignin-richmiddle lamellae, and, thereby, maximize the exposed specific fibersurface area via delamination of the wall material in the S2 layer, andultimately fiber bonding. Further, it is preferred that the chemicalagents not be applied for long exposure periods to the fiber structurebecause of the potential for producing long fibers coated in lignin.

In another embodiment, a biological agent, such as an enzyme, may beapplied during the defibration step to allow an increase in reactiontime of the agent on the wood structure, as compared to the shortreaction time resulting by adding a chemical agent in the primaryrefining stage. Biological agents in general require a retention time ofat least 15 minutes to properly react with the wood structures andachieve a desirable benefit in softening the S2 layer. Properapplication of the agent, such as the chemical agent in the primaryrefiner (fibrillation) and the biological agents in the fiberizerrefiner (defibration step) is desired to yield enhanced pulp quality.

Following treatment with agent(s), a further mechanical refining deviceor other pulp device(s) may apply shear and compressive forces to thewood chips to further fibrillate and provide other beneficial propertiesto the pulp, including brightness enhancement, extractives removal,optical enhancement and fiber development (tensile, elasticity, fiberlength, high specific surface, etc.).

The application of an agent, e.g., a chemical or biological agent, to aprocess stage may provide a reduction of operating costs by improvedenergy efficiency and optimized chemical usage. Further, by introducingan agent, e.g., chemical agent, to the fillibration process, the agentmay provide improved optical properties of the refined pulp, includingproperties of enhanced light scattering and opacity of the pulp. Anenhanced scattering coefficient may be achieved by the agentcontributing to a high specific surface of the fibers. The use of agentsmay also allow for a simplification of the refining process stages andrelated reductions in investment costs.

Another benefit of applying agents to a refining process is increasedextractives removal, which is consideration particularly relevant inrefining resinous wood species. When defibrating and opening the fiberstructure of a resinous wood, extractives of the wood may be extrudedfrom the wood and processed by downstream dewatering equipment. Anotherbenefit of the application of agents disclosed herein is to improve thehomogenization of woods with varying density and extractives content.Adding agents may also improve the bonding ability of inferior woods by20 percent or more at a given freeness. Additionally, the use of agentsmay allow for components of wood, for example sawmill residues, to beused as a wood feed material for refining, where such components werenot previously useable.

FIGS. 2 to 7 are flow charts of the application of one or more chemicalagents in a mechanical, chemi-mechanical or thermomechanical refiningprocess (collectively referred to as mechanical refining). The flowchart of FIG. 2 is for a full refining treatment, with chemicals andbleaching, of wood chips. Wood chips 20 are fed to a chip washing stage22 and conveyed to a two-step pre-treatment, e.g., Defibration stage 24.The first step 26 of the pretreatment stage 24 is a pressurized chippress 26 operating at less than 2 bar gauge pressure, which is followedby a fiberizer refining step 28 operating at less than 3 bar gaugepressure. The photographic image shows the wood chips after applicationof the pressurized chip press 26 and the image 32 shows the wood chipsafter application of the fiberizer refining step 28. In thispre-treatment stage 24, chemical agents are preferably not added.

Following the pre-treatment stage 24, the wood chips are treated in aprimary refining stage (fibrillation) 34 which may include a pressuredfeeding device, a steaming device, a mechanical disc or conical refiner,wherein the refiner may also include a blowline (e.g., all pressuredequipment from the feeder to the blowline) and operate at greater than 3bar gauge pressure. One or more chemical agents 36 are added to theprimary refining stage 34. Adding chemical agents at the primaryrefining stage may be helpful in reducing the reaction time between theagent and wood material.

Another advantage of adding a chemical agent at the primary refinerstage 34, as opposed to the pretreatment step 24, is that chemicalsagents are not squeezed out, e.g., extruded from the wood chips, duringpressurization of the wood chips or by a plug screw 33 feeding theprimary pressurized refiner. By allowing the agents to be retained inthe chips, the agent reacts with the wood fibers with a full charge ofthe chemical agent.

The chemical agent(s) may include bleaching chemicals, preferably MgOH₂and H₂O₂. If the chemical agent is or is combined with oxidativebleaching liquors, such as alkaline peroxides, the agent and bleach maybe introduced: i) directly in the primary refiner 34, ii) in the primaryrefiner blowline 35, or iii) in a split between the primary refiner andblowline. Adding alkaline bleach liquor as or with the chemical agent atthe blowline should reduce or minimize the decomposition of oxidativebleaching agents such as H₂O₂. However, the full benefit of energyreduction and strength development attributable to the agent may not berealized unless some or all of the alkaline is added during primaryrefining stage. Accordingly, the bleach chemical agents may also beadded at the inlet to the primary refiner and to the blowline for therefiner.

The bleaching chemical agent may also be discharged from an interstagebleach tower 38 between the primary refiner and subsequent processingsteps 40 to enhance the brightening response of the resulting pulp. Theuse of a bleaching chemical agent in the manner shown in FIG. 2 mayallow for the elimination or substantial reduction of further bleachingoperations in the conventional processing steps 40.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an exemplary mechanical refining process 42where the pre-treatment step (partial defibration) 24 is a single stepof a pressurized chip press 26 operating at less than two bar gaugepressure followed by a primary refining stage 34. A screw, e.g., a plugscrew, moves the chips from the pretreatment step 24 to the primaryrefining state 34. The flow chart shown in FIG. 3 represents a mediumtreatment with chemicals of the wood chips. The primary refining stage34 may include a pressurized feeding device, a steaming device, amechanical refiner including a blowline 35, wherein preferably thepressured equipment from the feeder to the blowline operates at greaterthan 3 bar gauge, and preferably between 5 ad 6 bar. The primaryrefining stage may be segmented into an inner zone for defibration andouter zone for fibrillation. A chemical agent 36 is added to the primaryrefining stage 34. If bleaching chemicals are added with chemical agent,an interstage bleach tower (see 38 in FIG. 2) may be included tomaximize brightness of the pulp discharged from the primary refiningstage. Further, the bleaching chemicals may also be added to the primaryrefiner inlet and the refiner blowline.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process 44 that does not have apre-treatment step, such as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The process 44 is alight treatment with chemicals. In this process 44, chips 20 from chipwashing stage 22 flow directly to the primary refining stage 34 whichincludes a blowline. In this process 44, the primary refining stage 22includes at least two distinct refining zones, wherein the firstrefining zone is arranged to defibrate the wood chips and a subsequentrefining zone is arranged to fibrillate the fibers. The primary refiningstage 34 may include a pressured feeding device, steaming device, amechanical refiner including a blowline, wherein preferably thepressured equipment from the feeder to the blowline operates at greaterthan 3 bar gauge. Bleach chemicals agents may also be added to the inletto the primary refiner and to the refiner blowline.

The chemical agent 36 preferentially occurs after the defibrationrefiner plates and before the outer fibrillation refiner plates. Inconical refiners the chemical is preferentially added after the flatdefibrating plate zone and before the conical fibrillating plate zone.In flat disc refiners the chemical agent is preferentially added afterthe flat inner defibrating zone and before the flat outer fibrillatingzone of refiner plates. Most large flat disc refiners have acircumferential gap between the inner and outer refiner plates wheredilution water or a chemical agent may be added.

Bleaching chemicals can be added with or as the chemical agent 36, in asimilar fashion as described above for introducing a bleaching agentwith or as the chemical agent. If bleaching chemicals are added as partof the chemical agent, an interstage bleach tower 39 may be includedbetween the primary refining stage 34 and conventional processing steps4.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process 46 that uses biological agents. Woodchips 20 are pressed and fed to a chip washing stage 22 and conveyed toa two-step pre-treatment stage 24. The pretreatment stage includes apressurized stage 26, that preferably includes a chip press operating atless than 2 bar gauge pressure, and a fiberizer refining step 28,preferably operating at less than 3 bar gauge pressure. The process 46introduces biological agent(s) 48 to the pre-treatment stage 24. Thebiological agent(s) may be added to one or both of: (1) the dischargeline 50 between the pressurized chip press in the pressurized stage andthe inlet of the fiberizer refiner in step 28 and (2) directly into thefiberizer refiner. Flow lines 52 and valves 54 direct the biologicalagent(s) to one or both of the discharge line 50 and the fiberizerrefiner 28. The biological agent(s) 48 may also be added to the process46 between a chip press 20 and the fiberizer refiner 28 and to thefiberizer refiner.

Following the pre-treatment stage 24, a bin 56 in which the woodmaterial is retained for, for example, 15 minutes to 3 hours, to allowfor continued reactions between the material and the biological agent.After the bin, the wood material is conveyed to the primary refiningstage 34, which may include a pressured feeding device, steaming device,a mechanical refiner including a blowline, wherein preferably thepressured equipment from the feeder to the blowline operates at greaterthan 3 bar gauge.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a process 58 in which biological agents 48 andchemical agents 36 are applied to the wood material (chips) beingrefined by the process. The wood chips 20 are pressed and fed to chipwashing stage 22, and conveyed to the two-step pre-treatment stage 24.The pressurized chip step 26 may include a pressurized chip pressoperating at less than 2 bar gauge pressure followed by a secondfiberizer refining step 28 operating at less than 3 bar gauge pressure.The biological agent(s) 48 are added to the pre-treatment stage 24.Preferably, the chemical agent(s) are not added to the pre-treatmentstage. The biological agents may also be added to the process 58 betweenthe chip press 20 and fiberizer refiner 28 or in the fiberizer refiner.The chemical agents may also be added to the inlet of the primaryrefiner blowline.

After the pre-treatment stage 24 the wood material is processed by theprimary refining stage 34 which may include a pressurized feedingdevice, steaming device, a mechanical refiner having a blowline, whereinthe process from the pressurized feeding device to the blowline operatesat preferably greater than 3 bar gauge. The chemical agent 36 is addedto the primary refining stage. The chemical agents may include bleachingchemicals, preferably Mg(OH)₂ and H₂O₂. If a bleaching agent(s) isincluded as or with the chemical agent, some or all the chemical agentand bleach may be added at the primary blowline. If a bleaching liquoris the only chemical agent used, at least some or all of the chemicalagent should be applied at the primary refiner to enhance energy savingsand pulp strength development. If a bleaching agent is added, aninterstage bleach tower (see FIG. 4) should preferably be between theprimary refiner stage 34 and subsequent processing steps 40. The use ofbleach agents as or with the chemical agent added to the primaryrefining stage 34 may allow for the elimination or substantial reductionof bleaching stages in the conventional processing steps 40.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart, e.g., flowsheet, of an exemplary mechanicalpulping process 60 in which at least one chemical agent 36. The chemicalagent is, by way of example, an alkaline peroxide agents applied at theprimary refining stage 34 and the process 60 includes an interstagebleaching stage 38. The process 60 is a simplified refining process,wherein the simplifications include elimination of: i) pressurizedscreening of the mainline pulp, ii) dewatering and refining of mainlinescreen rejects, iii) a disc filter dewatering to pulp storage, and iv) apost bleach plant. By eliminating one or more of these mechanismtypically found in mechanical pulping processes, there is a substantialcost savings in the installed equipment cost as compared to aconventional thermomechanical pulping system. Further, the process 60may provided reduced productions costs due to the elimination of one ormore of the processes i to iv identified above.

The use of agents, such as chemical and biological agents, to thepretreatment stage 24 and primary refining stage 34 described herein maysimplify the scope and complexity of the refining processing stepsdownstream of the primary refiner stage 34 and, thereby, reduce costs ofthe downstream equipment. The use of agents as described herein mayimprove fiber bonding and reduce skive content of the resultant pulpafter mainline refining such that no or minimal screening is needed forthe mechanical pulping process.

Conventional processing steps may be performed following the interstagebleaching. The steps may include a pulp press and washing stage 62,secondary and tertiary mechanical refining steps 64 and 66 preformed ator below a 4 bar gauge pressure, and a medium consistency pulp storagestage 68 which may include storing the pulp in a storage tower.

Several trials have been completed to demonstrate the usefulness of theinvention. These trials are presented in the examples below:

Trial 1:

The location of the addition of an agent to the pulp process should beselected to maximize pulp strength development at a given application ofspecific energy. The example of trial 1 compares pulps produced usingthe process with an agent (acid sulfite) applied at two differentaddition locations; where one is at the defibration stage, and a secondis at the fibrillation stage (primary refiner). Table A presents resultsfor both refiner series interpolated at a total specific energyapplication of 2400 kWh/ODMT.

TABLE A Comparison of Acid Sulfite applied at Defibration (Fiberizer)versus Fibrillation (Primary Refiner) steps Chemical Addition PointDefibration Fibrillation Na2SO₃ (%) 3.9 3.7 Tensile Index at 2400kWh/ODMT 39.6 42.7 Shive Content (%) at 2400 kWh/ODMT 0.04 0.01

The addition of chemical at the fibrillation step reduced the timeexposure for the sulfite to react and soften the wood lignin.Preferential fiber softening takes place within the fiber wall materialwhich in turn improves fiber development.

Trial 2:

The trial 2 example shows the importance of increasing wood fiberdefibration following chip destructuring. P. taeda wood chips werepartially defibrated in a pressurized chip press in both examplesfollowed by application of a chemical agent, sodium sulfite, in therefining steps. Table B presents both refiner series interpolated at afreeness of 150 mL.

TABLE B Effect of Increasing Wood Fiber Defibration prior to ChemicalTreatment Without Fiberizer With Fiberizer Defibration DefibrationNa₂SO₃ (%) 3.3 2.8 Freeness (mL) 150 150 SEC (kWh/ODMT) 2092 1965 Bulk(cm³/g) 3.36 3.28 Tensile Index (Nm/g) 23.9 31.2 Tear Index (mN · m²/g)6.8 9.2 Shive Content (%) 0.02 0.02 ISO Brightness (%) 55.2 54.9

The increased fiber defibration improves the efficiency of chemicalpenetration into exposed fiber wall material during the primary refiningstep, with resultant improved pulp quality.

Trial 3:

The example of trial 3 demonstrates that inferior wood species andsawmill residues can be utilized for the production of usable pulps inmechanical printing papers with less negative impact. Trial 3illustrates the effect of adding 29% P. taeda sawmill residues on pulpproperties produced using the new process. Table C compares the pulpsinterpolated at a freeness of 70 mL.

TABLE C Effect of adding sawmill residues (slabwood chips) Reference 29%Sawmill 100% Sawmill Pulp* Chips** Chips NaHSO₃ (%) 3.4 3.2 3.1 Freeness(mL) 70 70 70 SEC (kWh/ODMT) 2036 2354 2495 Bulk (cm3/g) 2.55 2.69 2.78Tensile Index (Nm/g) 39.6 42.3 39.0 Tear Index (mN · m2/g) 8.1 8.9 9.0Shive Content 0.04 0.04 0.04 ISO Brightness (%) 52.5 50.3 48.1 Wherein“*” indicates that the chip feed material is produced from 100 percent(100%) whole log P. taeda chips and “**” indicates that the chip feedmaterial is produced with 29 percent (29%) sawmill (slabwood) P. taedachips added to whole log P. taeda chips.

The resultant pulp produced with 29% sawmill chips (slabwood) had onlyslightly higher bulk and lower brightness. Increasing the application ofacid sulfite (NaHSO₃) treatment may be used to equalize pulp propertiessuch as bulk and brightness to that of the reference pulp.

Trial 4:

Trial 4 presents alternative chemical agents applied to the fibrillationstep (primary refiner) of the novel process. The wood furnish used forthe study was P. taeda from Tennessee, USA. Table D presents pulp seriesproduced using two different chemical treatments, wherein the agentsare: 1) a bleaching agent solution of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂),hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and 2) acetic acid. A conventional TMP pulpproduced from the same P. taeda wood chips is also included forcomparison. The results are interpolated at a freeness of 150 mL fromthe secondary refined pulps.

TABLE D Alternative Chemical Treatments Conventional TMP InventionInvention Chemical Treatment 0 4.0% Acetic 1.5% Mg(OH)₂ Acid 2.4% H₂O₂Freeness (ml) 150 150 150 SEC (kWh/ODMT) 2698 2098 1831 Tensile Index(Nm/g) 28.9 33.4 35.9 Burst Index (kPa · m²/g) 1.51 1.69 1.91 Tear Index(mN · m²/g) 11.5 11.4 11.6 Scattering Coefficient 44.4 49.0 45.1 (m²/kg)ISO Brightness (%) 47.7 36.7 59.7

Both chemical agents demonstrated an ability to significantly reduceenergy consumption and increase pulp strength properties compared to thethermomechanical (TMP) pulp. The series produced with bleaching agents[1.5% Mg(OH)₂ and 2.4% H₂O₂] resulted in a significant gain inbrightness.

The brightness of mechanical pulps from inferior wood species with darkcolor bearing chromophore structures can be effectively brightened whenusing the novel process in tandem with bleaching agents and/orinterstage retention. Such applications increase the possibility ofusing inferior woods and the scope of downstream bleaching equipment.

While the invention has been described in connection with what ispresently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment,it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to thedisclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover variousmodifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit andscope of the invention.

1. A mechanical pulping apparatus comprising: a pre-treatmentdefibration device receiving comminuted cellulosic material; a primaryrefiner receiving the comminuted cellulosic material discharged from thepre-treatment defibration device; a source of a biological agent; afirst conduit from the source of the biological agent coupled topre-treatment defibration device, wherein the first conduit delivers thebiological agent to or immediately upstream of an inlet to thedefibration device; a source of a chemical agent, and a second conduitfrom the source of the chemical agent coupled to primary refiner,wherein the second conduit delivers the chemical agent to the primaryrefiner.
 2. The mechanical pulping apparatus of claim 1 wherein thefirst conduit delivers the biological agent to the pre-treatmentdefibration device.
 3. The mechanical pulping apparatus of claim 1wherein the second conduit delivers the chemical agent to the primaryrefiner at an inlet to the primary refiner.
 4. The mechanical pulpingapparatus of claim 1 wherein the pre-treatment defibration devicecomprises a pressurized chip press operating at a pressure at or below 2bar gauge pressure and a fiberizer refiner operating at a pressure at orbelow three bar gauge pressure, and wherein the primary refiner operatesat a bar pressure of 5 to 6 bar gauge pressure.
 5. The mechanicalpulping apparatus of claim 4 wherein the first conduit introduces thebiological agent at the fiberizer refiner or at a conduit between thefiberizer refiner and the pressurized chip press.
 6. The mechanicalpulping apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a bleaching towerreceiving the cellulosic material from the primary refiner.
 7. Themechanical pulping apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cellulosic materialincludes wood chips.
 8. A mechanical pulping apparatus comprising: apre-treatment defibration device receiving comminuted cellulosicmaterial; a primary refiner receiving the comminuted cellulosic materialdischarged from the pre-treatment defibration device; a biologicalsource of a biological agent and a chemical source of a chemical agent,and a biological inlet to the pre-treatment defibration device for abiological agent, wherein the biological inlet is connected by a conduitto the biological source, and a chemical inlet to the primary refinerfor a chemical agent, wherein the chemical inlet is connected by aconduit to the chemical source.
 9. The mechanical pulping apparatus ofclaim 8 wherein the pre-treatment defibration device comprises apressurized chip press operating at a pressure at or below 2 bar gaugepressure and a fiberizer refiner operating at a pressure at or belowthree bar gauge pressure, and wherein the primary refiner operates at abar pressure of 5 to 6 bar gauge pressure.
 10. The mechanical pulpingapparatus of claim 9 wherein the biological inlet to the pre-treatmentdefibration device is at the fiberizer refiner or a conduit connectingthe pressurized chip press and the fiberizer refiner.
 11. The mechanicalpulping apparatus of claim 8 further comprising a bleaching towerreceiving the cellulosic material from the primary refiner.
 12. Themechanical pulping apparatus of claim 8 wherein the cellulosic materialincludes wood chips.
 13. The mechanical pulping apparatus of claim 8further comprising a chip washing device discharging the comminutedcellulosic material to the pre-treatment defibration device.